汉语大全>高三英语教案>2012届高考英语第一轮语法大全复习教案及配套练习2

2012届高考英语第一轮语法大全复习教案及配套练习2

详细内容

e too late. 你来得太晚了。
    What have you been doing lately? 近来好吗?
3) deep与deeply
   deep意思是\"深\",表示空间深度;deeply时常表示感情上的深度,\"深深地\"。
如: He pushed the stick deep into the mud.他把棍子深深插进泥里。
   Even father was deeply moved by the film.老爸也被电影深深打动了。
4) high与highly
   high表示空间高度;highly表示程度,相当于much。例如:
    The plane was flying high. 这架飞机飞得很高。
    I think highly of your opinion. 你的看法很有道理。
5) wide与widely
   wide表示空间宽度;widely意思是\"广泛地\",\"在许多地方\"。例如:
    He opened the door wide. 他把门开得大大的。
    English is widely used in the world.英语在世界范围内广泛使用。
6) free与freely
   free的意思是\"免费\";freely 的意思是\"无限制地\"。例如:
    You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.无论什么时候,我这饭铺免费对你开放。
    You may speak freely; say what you like.你可以畅所欲言,想说什么就说什么。
4.7 形容词与副词的比较级
 大多数形容词(性质形容词)和副词有比较级和最高级的变化,即原级、比较级和最高级,用来表示事物的等级差别。原级即形容词的原形,比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种。
1) 规则变化
  单音节词和少数双音节词,加词尾-er,-est来构成比较级和最高级。
构成法 原级 比较级 最高级
一般单音节词未尾加-er,-est tall taller tallest
以不发音的e结尾的单音词和少数以- le结尾的双音节词只加-r,-st nice nicer nicest
以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节单音节词,双写结尾的辅音字母,再加-er,-est big bigger biggest
\"以辅音字母+y\"结尾的双音节词,改y为i,再加-er,-est busy busier busiest
少数以-er,-ow结尾的双音节词未尾加-er,-est clever/narrow cleverer/ narrower cleverest/ narrowest
其他双音节词和多音节词,在前面加more,most来构成比较级和最高级 important/ easily more important/ more easily most important/ most easily
2) 不规则变化
原级 比较级 最高级
good better best
well(健康的) worse worst
bad
ill(有病的)
old older/elder oldest/eldest
much/many more most
little less least
far farther/further farthest/furthest
4.8. as + 形容词或副词原级 + as
1)在否定句或疑问句中可用so… as。例如:
   He cannot run so/as fast as you. 他没你跑得快。
2)当as… as 中间有名词时采用以下格式:as +形容词+ a +单数名词/ as + many/much +名词。例如:
   This is as good an example as the other is. 这个例子和另外一个一样好。
   I can carry as much paper as you can. 你能搬多少纸,我也能。
3)用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时,放在as的前面。例如:
   This room is twice as big as that one. 这房间的面积是那间的两倍。
   Your room is the same size as mine. 你的房间和我的一样大。
4)倍数+ as + adj. + as <=> 倍数+ the … + of。例如:
   This bridge is three times as long as that one. 这座桥的长度是那座的三倍。
   This bridge is three times the length of that one.
   Your room is twice as large as mine. 你的房间是我的两倍大。
   Your room is twice the size of mine.
4.9 比较级形容词或副词 + than 。
如:You are taller than I. 你比我高。
  They lights in your room are brighter than those in mine.你房间的那些灯比我房间里的亮。
注意:
1)要避免重复使用比较级。
   (错) He is more cleverer than his brother.
   (对) He is more clever than his brother.
   (对) He is clever than his brother.
2)要避免将主语含在比较对象中。
   (错) China is larger than any country in Asia.
   (对) China is larger than any other countries in Asia.
3)要注意对应句型,遵循前后一致的原则。
    The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing.
    It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out.
4)要注意定冠词在比较级中的使用。
  比较:Which is larger, Canada or Australia?
     Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia?
     She is taller than her two sisters.
     She is the taller of the two sisters.
4.10 可修饰比较级的词
1)a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等。
2)还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。
3)以上词(除by far)外,必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前面。
典型例题:
1)---- Are you feeling ____?  ---- Yes,I\'m fine now.
  A. any well B. any better C. quite good D. quite better  
答案:B. any 可修饰比较级,quite修饰原级,well的比较级为better.
2)The experiment was____ easier than we had expected. 
  A. more  B. much more   C. much    D. more much
答案:C. much可修饰比较级,因此B,C都说得通,但easier本身已是比较级,不需more,因此C为正确答案。
3)If there were no examinations, we should have ___ at school. 
A. the happiest time  B. a more happier time C. much happiest time  D. a much happier time
答案:D。
4.11 many, old 和 far
1) 如果后接名词时,much more +不可数名词,many more +可数名词复数。   
2) old 有两种比较级和最高级形式: older/oldest 和elder/eldest。elder,eldest 只用于兄弟姐妹的长幼关系。例如:
   My elder brother is an engineer. 我哥哥是个工程师。
   Mary is the eldest of the three sisters. 玛丽是三姐妹中最大的。
3) far 有两种比较级,farther,further。一般father 表示距离,further表示进一步。如: I have nothing further to say. 我没什么要说了。
4.12 the + 最高级 + 比较范围
1)形容词最高级前通常必须用定冠词 the,副词最高级前可不用。例如:
The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world. 撒哈拉沙漠是世界上最大的沙漠。
形容词most前面没有the,不表示最高级的含义,只表示\"非常\"。例如:
   It is a most important problem. =It is a very important problem. 这是个很重要的问题。
   注意:使用最高级要注意将主语包括在比较范围内。
    (错) Tom is the tallest of his three brothers.
    (对) Tom is the tallest of the three brothers.
2) 下列词可修饰最高级,by far, far, much, mostly, almost。例如:
   This hat is nearly / almost the biggest. 这帽子差不多是最大的了。
注意:
  a. very可修饰最高级,但位置与much不同。
    This is the very best.
    This is much the best.
  b. 序数词通常只修饰最高级。例如:
     Africa is the second largest continent.非洲是第二大洲。
3) 最高级的意义有时可以用比较级表示出来。例如:
   Mike is the most intelligent in his class. 马克是班上最聪明的。
   Mike is more intelligent than any other students in his class.
4) \"否定词语+比较级\",\"否定词语+ so… as\"结构也可以表示最高级含义。例如:
   Nothing is so easy as this. 没比这更简单的了。
   =Nothing is easier than this.
   =This is the easiest thing.
4.13 和more有关的词组,
1) the more…the more… 越……就越……。例如:
  The harder you work,the greater progress you\'ll make. 越努力,进步越大。
2) more B than A=less A than B 与其说A不如说B。例如:
  He is more lazy than slow at his work. = He is less slow than lazy at his work. 他工作时,与其说是反应慢不如说是懒。
3) no more… than… 与……一样……,不比……多。例如:
  The officials could see no more than the Emperor. 官员们看到的和皇帝一样多。
   no less… than… 与……一样……。例如:
   He is no less diligent than you. 他和你一样勤勉。
4) more than 不只是,非常。例如:
   She is more than kind to us all. 她对我们非常热心。
典型例题
1)The weather in China is different from____.
 A. in America  B. one in America  C. America D. that in America
答案:D. 本题意为\"中国的天气比美国热。\"比较的是天气而不是国家,C不能选。A没有名词,后句成分不全,排除。B和D中,B中的one常用来代替可数名词,而that可车以代替不可数或抽象名词,所以选D。
2)After the new technique was introduced,the factory produced ___ tractors in 1988 as the year before.
A. as twice many  B. as many twice  C. twice as many D. twice many as
 答案C. 此句意为\"这个厂1988能生产的拖拉机是往年的两倍\"。表示倍数用\"倍数+ as + 形容词原形+ as +比较对象\"的句型。所以此句答案为C。

5、动词
1) 表示动作中状态的词叫做动词。
2) 根据其在句中的功能,动词可分为四类,分别是:实义动词、系动词、助动词、情态动词。
说明:有些情况下,有些动词是兼类词。例如:
   We are having a meeting.  我们正在开会。(have是实义动词。)
   He has gone to New York. 他已去纽约。(have是助动词。)
3) 动词根据其后是否带有宾语,可分为两类,分别是:及物动词、不及物动词,英语缩写形式分别为vt. 和vi.。
说明:同一动词有时可用作及物动词,有时可用作不及物动词。例如:
  She can dance and sing. 她能唱歌又能跳舞。(sing在此用作不及物动词。)
  She can sing many English songs. 她能唱好多首英文歌曲。(sing用作及物动词。)
4) 动词根据是否受主语的人称和数的限制,可分两类,分别是:限定动词、非限定动词
如: She sings very well. 她唱得很好。(sing受主语she的限制,故用第三人称单数形式sings。)
  She wants to learn English well. 她想学好英语。(to learn不受主语she的限制,没有词形变化,是非限定动词。)
  说明:英语中共有三种非限定动词,分别是:动词不定式、动名词、分词。
5) 根据动词的组成形式,可分为三类,分别是:单字词、短语动词、动词短语例如:
  The English language contains many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases. 英语里有许多短语动词和动词短语。(contains是单字动词。)
  Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries. 学生们学会查字典。(look up是短语动词。)
  The young ought to take care of the old. 年轻人应照料老人。(take care of是动词短语。)
6) 动词有五种形态,分别是:原形、第三人称单数形式、过去式、过去分词、现在分词。
5.1 系动词
 系动词亦称联系动词(Link Verb),作为系动词,它本身有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后边必须跟表语(亦称补语),构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。说明:有些系动词又是实义动词,该动词表达实义时,有词义,可单独作谓语。
如:He fell ill yesterday.他昨天病了。(fell是系动词,后跟补足语,说明主语情况。)
   He fell off the ladder.  他从梯子上摔下来。fell是实义动词,单独作谓语。
1)状态系动词
用来表示主语状态,只有be一词。例如:
He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。(is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。)
2)持续系动词
用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep,rest,remain,stay,lie,stand。
如: He always kept silent at meeting.  他开会时总保持沉默。
This matter rests a mystery.  此事仍是一个谜。
3)表像系动词
用来表示\"看起来像\"这一概念,主要有seem, appear, look。例如:
He looks tired.  他看起来很累。
He seems (to be) very sad.  他看起来很伤心。
4)感官系动词
感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste。 例如:
  This kind of cloth feels very soft.  这种布手感很软。
  This flower smells very sweet. 这朵花闻起来很香。 
5)变化系动词
这些系动词表示主语变成什么样,变化系动词主要有bee, grow, turn, fall, get, go, e, run。例如:
   He became mad after that.  自那之后,他疯了。
   She grew rich within a short time.  她没多长时间就富了。
6)终止系动词
表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove, turn out, 表达\"证实\",\"变成\"之意。
如:The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。
  The search proved difficult. 搜查证实很难。
  His plan turned out a suess. 他的计划终于成功了。(turn out表终止性结果)
5.2 助动词
1)协助主要动词构成谓语动词的词叫助动词。被协助的动词称作主要动词。助动词自身没有词义,不可单独使用。例如:
   He doesn\'t like English. 他不喜欢英语。
(doesn\'t是助动词,无词义;like是主要动词,有词义)
2) 助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用,可以用来:
  a. 表示时态。例如:
   He is singing. 他在唱歌。
   He has got married. 他已结婚。
  b. 表示语态。例如:
   He was sent to England. 他被派往英国。
  c. 构成疑问句。例如:
   Do you like college life? 你喜欢大学生活吗?
   Did you study English before you came here? 你来这儿之前学过英语吗?
  d. 与否定副词not合用,构成否定句。例如:
   I don\'t like him.  我不喜欢他。
  e. 加强语气。例如:
   Do e to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚会。
   He did know that.  他的确知道那件事。
3) 最常用的助动词有:be, have, do, shall, will, should, would等。
5.3 助动词be的用法
1) be +现在分词,构成进行时态。例如:
They are having a meeting. 他们正在开会。
English is being more and more important. 英语现在越来越重要。
2) be + 过去分词,构成被动语态。例如:
The window was broken by Tom.. 窗户是汤姆打碎的。
English is taught throughout the world. 世界各地都教英语。
3) be + 动词不定式,可表示下列内容:
  a. 表示最近、未来的计划或安排。例如:
   He is to go to New York next week.. 他下周要去纽约。
   We are to teach the freshmen. 我们要教新生。
   说明: 这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。
  b. 表示命令。例如:
   You are to explain this. 对此你要做出解释。
   He is to e to the office this afternoon. 要他今天下午来办公室。
  c. 征求意见。例如:
   How am I to answer him? 我该怎样答复他?
   Who is to go there? 谁该去那儿呢?
  d. 表示相约、商定。例如:
   We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning. 我们明天早晨7点在校门口集合。
5.4 助动词have的用法
1)have +过去分词,构成完成时态。例如:
   He has left for London. 他已去了伦敦。
   By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work.  上月未为止,他们已经完成工作的一半。
  2)have + been +现在分词,构成完成进行时。例如:
  I have been studying English for ten years. 我一直在学英语,已达十年之久。
  3)have +been +过去分词,构成完成式被动语态。例如:
  English has been taught in China for many years. 中国教英语已经多年。
5.5 助动词do 的用法
1)构成一般疑问句。例如:
  Do you want to pass the CET? 你想通过大学英语测试吗?
  Did you study German? 你们学过德语吗?
2)do + not 构成否定句。例如:
  I do not want to be criticized.  我不想挨批评。
  He doesn\'t like to study.  他不想学习。
  In the past, many students did not know the importance of English. 
过去,好多学生不知道英语的重要性。
3) 构成否定祈使句。例如:
  Don\'t go there. 不要去那里。
  Don\'t be so absent-minded. 不要这么心不在焉。
说明: 构成否定祈使句只用do,不用did和does。
4)放在动词原形前,加强该动词的语气。例如:
  Do e to my birthday party. 一定来参加我的生日宴会。
  I did go there. 我确实去那儿了。
  I do miss you. 我确实想你。
5)用于倒装句。例如:
  Never did I hear of such a thing.  我从未听说过这样的事情。
  Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English. 进了大学以后,我们才认识到英语的重要性。
说明: 引导此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。
6)用作代动词。例如:
  ---- Do you like Beijing? --你喜欢北京吗?
  ---- Yes, I do. --是的,喜欢。(do用作代动词,代替like Beijing.)
  He knows how to drive a car, doesn\'t he? 他知道如何开车,对吧?
5.6 助动词shall和will的用法
  shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时。例如:
   I shall study harder at English.  我将更加努力地学习英语。
   He will go to Shanghai.  他要去上海。
说明:在过去的语法中,语法学家说shall用于第一人称,will 只用于第二、第三人称。现在,尤其是在口语中,will常用于第一人称,但shall只用于第一人称,如用于第二、第三人称,就失去助动词的意义,已变为情态动词,试比较:
  He shall e. 他必须来。(shall有命令的意味。)
  He will e. 他要来。(will只与动词原形构成一般将来时。)
5.7 助动词should, would的用法
1)should无词义,只是shall的过去形式,与动词原形构成过去将来时,只用于第一人称。例如:
  I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week. 我昨天给他打电话,问他我下周干什么。
  比较:\"What shall I do next week?\" I asked. \"我下周干什么?\"我问道。
  可以说,shall变成间接引语时,变成了should。
2) would也无词义,是will的过去形式,与动词原形构成过去将来时,用于第二、第三人称。例如:
   He said he would e.  他说他要来。
比较:\"I will go,\" he said. 他说:\"我要去那儿。\"变成间接引语,就成了He said he would e。原来的will变成would,go变成了e.。
5.8 短语动词
  动词加小品构成的起动词作用的短语叫短语动词。例如:
  Turn off the radio. 把收音机关上。(turn off是短语动词)
  短语动词的构成基本有下列几种:
1)动词+副词,如:black out;
2)动词+介词,如:look into;
3)动词+副词+介词,如:look forward to。构成短语动词的副词和介词都统称为小品词。
5.9 非谓语动词
  在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式,动名词,和分词(分词包括现在分词和过去分词)。
1)不定式
时态\\语态 主动 被动
一般式 to do to be done
完成式 to have done to have been done
2)动名词
时态\\语态 主动 被动
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
3)分词
时态\\语态 主动 被动
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
否定形式: not +不定式, not + 动名词, not + 现在分词

6.动名词
动名词是非限定动词的一种形式,由动词原形+ing构成。它既有动词的特征,又有名词的特征,故称。动名词也有时态和语态的变化,如表所示(以及物动词write为例),不及物动词没有语态的变化。
时态/语态 主动 被动
一般式 writing being written
完成式 having written having been written
6.1 动名词作主语、宾语和表语
1)作主语。例如:
   Fighting broke out between the South and the North. 南方与北方开战了。
 2)作宾语 
  a. 有些动词可以用动名词作宾语。例如:
admit 承认 appreciate 感激 avoid 避免 plete完成 consider认为 delay 耽误
deny 否认 detest 讨厌 endure 忍受 enjoy 喜欢 escape 逃脱 fancy 想象
finish 完成 imagine 想象 mind 介意 miss 想念 postpone推迟 practice 训练
recall 回忆 resent 讨厌 resume 继续 resist 抵抗 risk 冒险 suggest 建议
face 面对 include 包括 stand 忍受 understand 理解 five 宽恕 keep 继续
例如:Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please? 你把收音机音量调小一点,好吗
  The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught. 这松鼠幸运得很,刚逃避了被逮住的厄运。    
  b. 有些结构后面可以用动名词作宾语或其他成分。例如:
admit to prefer…to be used to lead to devote oneself to object to
stick to no good no use be fond of look forward to be proud of
be busy can\'t help be tired of be capable of be afraid of think of
burst out keep on insist on count on set about
put off be good at take up give up be suessful in
3)作表语,对主语说明、解释。例如:
Her job is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children. 她的工作是洗刷、清扫和照顾孩子。
比较:She is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children.
4)作定语,一般表示所修饰名词事物的用途。例如:
a writing desk=a desk for writing 写字台
a swimming pool=a pool swimming 游泳池
有些动名词作定语,与所修饰的名词关系比较复杂。例如:
boiling point=a temperature point at which something begins to boil 沸点
a walking tractor=a tractor which a driver can operate while he or she is walking behind it 手扶拖拉机
6.2 worth 的用法
worth, worthy, worthwhile都是形容词,意为\"值得\"。
1. worth: be worth + n.  当名词为金钱时,表示\"…… 值得……\"
常见的有It ’s worth while to do./ It ’s worth(someone’s)while doing
  be worth doing sth. \"……某事值得被做\"
  The question is not worth discussing again and again. 这问题不值得反复讨论。
2. worthy:be worthy of +n. 当名词为抽象名词时表示\"……值得……\"
  be worthy to be done \"某事值得被做\"
  The question is not worthy to be discussed again and again.
3. worthwhile:be worthwhile to do sth  \"值得做某事\"
  It is worthwhile to ask him to join the club.值得邀请他加入俱乐部。
典型例题
It is not ____ to discuss the question again and again.
A. worth  B. worthy C. worthwhile D. worth while
答案C. 由worth的用法可知,此句只适合词组be worthwhile to do sth.。选C。

7. 动词不定式
动词不定式由to+动词原形构成。这里的to是不定式标志,没有词义。不定式具有名词、形容词或副词的某些语法功能,又有动词的时态和语态的特点及作用。
常见的形式如表所示(以及物动词do为例),不及物动词没有被动语态。
时态\\语态 主动 被动
一般式 to do to be done
进行式 to be doing /
完成式 to have done to have been done
完成进行式 to have been doing /
7.1 有些动词可以用不定式作宾语,大致上有三种情况。
1) 有些及物动词用不定式作宾语,结构为动词+不定式。例如:
afford aim agree arrange ask decide
bother care choose demand desire determine
elect endeavor hope fail help learn
long 渴望 mean manage offer plan pretend
refuse tend undertake expect hate intend
例如:
  The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司机没能及时看见另一辆车。
   He offered to help me. 他表示愿意帮助我。
2)有些动词除了可以用不定式作宾语,还用不定式作补语,即有动词+宾语+不定式的结构。例如:
ask choose expect help beg intend
like/love need prefer prepare want wish
如:I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。
  I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢你使每件东西都保持整洁。
  I want to speak to Tom.  我想和汤姆谈话。
  I want you to speak to Tom.  我想让你和汤姆谈话。  
3) 有些动词或动词词组可以用动词+疑问词+不定式的结构作宾语。例如:
decide know consider fet learn remember
show, wonder find out tell inquire explain
如:Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。
There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can\'t make up my mind which to buy.
有这么多的录音机,我都拿不定主意买哪一种。
7.2 不定式作补语
1) 有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构。例如:
advise allow cause challenge mand pel
drive 驱使 enable encourage forbid force impel
induce instruct invite like/love order permit
make let have want get warn
persuade request send tell train urge
例如;
Father will not allow us to play on the street.  父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。      
The officer ordered his men to fire. 长官命令士兵开火。
注意:有些动词如make,have,get,want等可用不定式作做宾补,也可用分词作宾补。现在分词表达主动,也表达正在进行,过去分词表达被动。
2) 有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构,不定式的动词往往是be,不定式一般可以省去。例如:
consider find believe think declare(声称) appoint
guess fancy(设想) guess judge imagine know
例如:
We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的。
We know him to be a fool. 我们知道他是个笨蛋。(to be 不能省去)
典型例题
   Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first puter. 
A. to invent B. inventing  C. to have invented  D. having invented 
答案:C. 一般没有consider+宾语+be以外不定式的结构,也没有consider+宾语+doing的结构,排除A、B、D。consider用动词be以外的不定式作宾补时,一般要求用不定式的完成式,故选C。
3) 有些动词可以跟there +to be的结构。例如:
believe expect intend like love mean
prefer want wish understand
如:We didn\'t expect there to be so many people there. 我们没料到会有那么多人在那里。
You wouldn’t want there to be another war. 你不至于想让另外一场战争发生吧。
7.3 不定式作主语
不定式作主语,往往用it作形式主语,真正的主语不定式放至句子的后面。
  例如:It\'s so nice to hear your voice. 听到你的声音真高兴。
It\'s necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. 不用车的时候,锁车是有必要的。
  It\'s very kind of you to help us. 他帮助我们,他真好。
  It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不给他们任何东西,这显得太自私了。
但是,用不定式作主语的句子中还有一个不定式作表语时,不能用It is… to…的句型。另外,这样的句子,不能用动名词作表语。例如:
(对)To teach is to learn.
(错)It is to learn to teach.
(错)To teach is learning.
(错)Teaching is to learn.
典型例题
 The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very fortable to ___. 
 A. sit  B. sit on  C. be seat  D. be sat on
答案:B. 如果不定式为不及物动词,其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时,常位于\"形容词+动词不定式\"结构的末尾。
7.4 It\'s for sb.和 It\'s of sb.
由于表语形容词性质的不同,导致了不定式逻辑主语标志用for或of的区别。
1)for sb. 句型中的形容词一般为表示事物的特征特点,表示客观形式的形容词,如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等:
如:It\'s very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。
2)of sb句型中的形容词一般为表示性格,品德,心智能力,表示主观感情或态度的形容词,如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。例如:
   It\'s very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我,你真是太好了。
用for还是用of 的另一种辨别方法:
  用介词for或of后面的逻辑主语作句子的主语,用介词前边的形容词作表语,造个句子。如果通顺用of,不通则用for。例如:
   You are nice. (通顺,所以应用of)。
   He is hard.  (非所表达的意思,不通,因此用for。)
7.5 不定式作表语
  不定式可放在be动词后面,形成表语。例如:
   My work is to clean the room every day. 我的工作是每天清扫房间。
   His dream is to be a doctor. 他的梦想是成为一名医生。
7.6 不定式作定语
  不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后,往往表示未发生的动作。例如:
   I have a lot of work to do. 我有许多事要做。
   There was nothing to bring home that morning. 那天早上(他回家时)两手空空。
7.7 不定式作状语
1)目的状语 
常用结构为to do , only to do(仅仅为了), in order to do, so as to do, so(such)… as to…(如此…以便…)。例如:
   He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。
   I e here only to say good-bye to you. 我来仅仅是向你告别。
2)作结果状语,可以表示没有预料到的或事与愿违的结果,不定式要放在句子后面。
I awoke to find my truck gone. 我醒来发现箱子不见了。
   He searched the room only to find nothing. 他搜索了房间,没发现什么。
3) 表原因
I\'m glad to see you. 见到你很高兴。
She wept to see the sight. 她一看到这情形就哭了。
4)表示理由和条件
He must be a fool to say so.
You will do well to speak more carefully.
7.8 用作介词的to
to 可以用作介词,也可用作不定式的标示。下面的to 都用作介词:
admit to object to be austomed to be used to stick to turn to开始
look forward to be devoted to pay attention to contribute to apologize to devote oneself to
7.9 省去to 的动词不定式
1) 情态动词 ( 除ought 外) 后。
2) 使役动词 let, have, make后,感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后。
注意:被动语态中不能省去to。例如:
  I saw him dance. 我看见他跳舞。
  =He was seen to dance.
  The boss made them work the whole night. 老板让他们整夜干活。
  =They were made to work the whole night.
3) would rather,had better句型后
4) Why… / why no…句型后
5) help 后可带to,也可不带to, help sb (to) do sth:
6) but和except后。but前是实义动词do时,后面出现的不定式不带to。
比较:He wants to do nothing but go out. 他只想出去玩。
   He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine. 除了吃这药,他什么都信。
7) 由and, or和than连接的两个不定式,第二个to 可以省去:
8) 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think等词后作宾补时,可以省去to be。例如: 
   He is supposed (to be) nice. 他应该是个好人。
典型例题
1) ---- I usually go there by train. 
  ---- Why not ___ by boat for a change? 
  A. to try going  B. trying to go  C. to try and go  D. try going  
  答案:D. why not 后面接不带to 的不定式,因此选D。
2) Paul doesn\'t have to be made ___. He always works hard. 
  A. learn  B. to learn  C. learned  D. learning
  答案:B. make后接不带to 的动词不定式,当其用于被动时,to 不可省略。
7.10 动词不定式的否定式
在不定式标志to前加上not。例如:
  Tell him not to shut the window。让他别关窗。
  She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走过的时候,她假装没看见。
典型例题
1)Mrs. Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking. 
  A. never to drive  B. to never driver  C. never driving  D. never drive 
  答案:A。warn sb to do sth. 的否定形式为warn sb not to do sth. 此处用的是否定词never.
2) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street,but his mother told him ____. 
  A. not to  B. not to do  C. not do it  D. do not to
  答案:A。not to 为not to do it 的省略形式。可以只用to这个词,而不必重复整个不定式词组。及物动词do后应有宾语,因此也B,D不对。
7.11 不定式的特殊句型too…to…
1)too…to  太…以至于…。例如:
  He is too excited to speak. 他太激动了,说不出话来。
  ---- Can I help you ? 需要我帮忙吗?
---- Well, I\'m afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same. 
不用了。这箱子太重,恐怕你搬不动。谢谢。
2) 如在too前有否定词,则整个句子用否定词表达肯定,too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义,意 为\"不太\"。例如:
  It\'s never too late to mend.  改过不嫌晚。(谚语)
3) 当too 前面有only, all, but时,意思是:非常… 等于very。例如:
  I\'m only too pleased to be able to help you. 能帮助你我非常高兴。
  He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。
7.12 不定式的特殊句型so as to
1) 表示目的;它的否定式是so as not to do。例如:
  Tom kept quiet about the aident so as not to lose his job.汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。
  Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.轻点进去,别惊醒了婴儿。
2)表示结果。例如:
  Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 劳驾,现在几点了。
7.13 不定式的特殊句型Why not
 \"Why not +动词原形\"表达向某人提出建议,翻译为:\"为什么不……?\" \"干吗不……?\"。例如:
 Why not take a holiday? 干吗不去度假?
7.14 不定式的时态和语态
1) 一般式表示的动词,有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后,例如
   He seems to know this. 他似乎知道这事。
   I hope to see you again. = I hope that I\'ll see you again. 我希望再见到你。
2) 完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。例如:
  I\'m sorry to have given you so much trouble. 很抱歉,给你添了那么多的麻烦。
  He seems to have caught a cold. 他好像已经得了感冒。
3) 进行式表示动作正在进行,与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。例如:
  He seems to be eating something. 他好像正在吃什么东西。
4) 完成进行式表示动作从过去开始并延续至说话的时候。例如:
  She is known to have been working on the problem for many years. 我们知道她研究这问题有好几年了。
7.15 动名词与不定式
1)动名词与不定式的区别:
  动名词表达的是: 状态,性质,心境,抽象,经常性,已发生的
  不定式表达的是: 目的,结果,原因,具体,一次性,将发生的
2)有些动词如continue接不定式或动名词作宾语,意义基本相同。
3)有些动词如continue接不定式或动名词作宾语,意义大相径庭。常见的,下一节有专门讨论。
8.特殊词精讲
8.1 stop doing/to do
stop to do 停止,中断做某事后去做另一件事,stop doing 停止做某事。例如:
  They stop to smoke a cigarette.  他们停下来,抽了根烟。
  I must stop smoking.      我必须戒烟了。
典型例题
  She reached the top of the hill and stopped ___ on a big rock by the side of the path. 
A. to have rested B. resting  C. to rest D. rest
答案:C。由题意可知,她到了山顶,停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息。因此,应选择\"stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事\"。而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止,所以stop doing sth.不正确。
8.2 fet doing/to do
  fet to do 忘记要去做某事,fet doing 忘记做过某事。例如:
  The light in the office is stil on. He fot to turn it off. 办公室的灯还在亮着,他忘记关了。(没有做关灯的动作)
  He fot turning the light off. 他忘记他已经关了灯了。(已做过关灯的动作)
典型例题
  ---- The light in the office is still on. ---- Oh,I fot___.          
  A. turning it off  B. turn it off  C. to turn it off  D. having turned it off
  答案:C。由the light is still on 可知灯亮着,即关灯的动作没有发生,因此用fet to do sth.而fet doing sth表示灯已经关上了,而忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意。
8.3 remember doing/to do
  remember to do 记得去做某事,remember doing 记得做过某事。例如:
Remember to go to the post office after school. 记着放学后去趟邮局。
Don\'t you remember seeing the man before? 你不记得以前见过那个人吗?
8.4 regret doing/to do
regret to do 对将要做的事遗憾,regret doing 对做过的事遗憾、后悔。例如:
  I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice. 我很遗憾必须这样去做,我实在没有办法。
  I don\'t regret telling her what I thought. 我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔。
典型例题
---You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.
---Well, now I regret ___ that.
A. to do  B. to be doing  C. to have done  D. having done
答案:D。regret having done sth. 对已发生的事感到遗憾。regret to do sth. 对将要做的事感到遗憾。本题为对已说的话感到后悔,因此选D。
8.5 cease doing/to do
cease to do 长时间,甚至永远停做某事,cease doing  短时停止做某事,以后还会接着做。例如:
  That department has ceased to exist forever. 那个系已不复存在。
  The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by. 姑娘们在老师走过时,停了会聊天。
8.6 try doing/to do
  try to do 努力,企图做某事,try doing 试验,试着做某事。例如:
You must try to be more careful. 你可要多加小心。
  I tried gardening but didn\'t sueed. 我试着种果木花卉,但未成功。
8.7 go on doing/to do
go on to do 做了一件事后,接着做另一件事,go on doing 继续做原来做的事。例如:
  After he had finished his maths,he went on to do his physics. 做完数学后,他接着去做物理。
  Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one. 作完这个练习后,接着做其他的练习
8.8 be afraid doing/to do
be afraid to do 不敢,胆怯去做某事,是主观上的原因不去做,意为\"怕\",be afraid of doing 担心出现doing的状况、结果。doing 是客观上造成的,意为\"生怕,恐怕\"。She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake.
她生怕被蛇咬着,不敢在草丛中再走一步。
She was afraid to wake her husband. 她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。
She was afraid of waking her husband. 她生怕吵醒她丈夫。
8.9 be interested doing/to do
  interested to do 对做某事感兴趣,想了解某事,interested in doing  对某种想法感兴趣,doing 通常为想法。例如:
I shall be interested to know what happens. 我很想知道发生了什么事。(想了解)
I\'m interested in working in Switzerland. Do you have any idea about that?
我对在瑞士工作感兴趣。你想过这事吗? (一种想法)
8.10 mean to doing/to do
mean to do  打算、想,mean doing 意味着。例如:
I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. 我想去,但是我父亲不肯让我去。
To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. 增加工资意味着增加购买力。
8.11 begin(start) doing/to do
  begin / start to do sth /begin / start doing sth.
1)谈及一项长期活动或开始一种习惯时,使用doing。例如:
How old were you when you first started playing the piano? 你几岁时开始弹钢琴?
2)begin, start用进行时时,后面动词用不定式to do。例如:
I was beginning to get angry。我开始生起气来。
3)在attempt, intend, begin, start 后接know, understand, realize这类动词时,常用不定式to do。例如:
I begin to understand the truth。我开始明白真相。
4)事物作主语时。例如:
The snow began to melt.雪开始融化了
8.12 感官动词 + doing/to do
感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do表示动作的完整性,+doing 表示动作的进行性。例如:
  I saw him work in the garden yesterday. 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调\"我看见了\"这个事实)
  I saw him working in the garden yesterday.(强调\"我见他正干活\"这个动作)昨天我见他正在花园里干活。
典型例题
1)They knew her very well. They had seen her ___ up from childhood. 
  A. grow  B. grew  C. was growing  D. to grow
  答案:A。因题意为,他们看着她长大,因此强调的是成长的过程,而非正在长的动作,因此用see sb do sth 的句型。
2)The missing boy was last seen ___ near the river. 
  A. playing  B. to be playing  C. play  D. to play
  答案A. 本题强调其动作,正在河边玩,应此用see sb. doing sth句型。

9、分词
分词既有动词的特征,由有形容词和副词的特征。分词有现在分词和过去分词两种。现在分词有一般式和完成式,过去分词没有这种区别。及物动词的现在分词还有主动形式和被动形式的区别。分词常用的形式如表所示(以及物动词do 和不及物动词go为例):
do go
主动 被动
现在分词 doing being done going
过去分词 / done gone
完成式 having done having been done /
9.1 分词作定语
不及物动词的现在分词作定语表达强调动作正在进行,过去分词强调完成;及物动词的现在分词作定语强调主动,过去分词强调被动。分词的完成式一般不作定语。分词作其他成分时,也是如此。分词作定语,单个的分词作定语一般前置;分词词组,个别分词如given, left等,修饰不定代词等的分词,作定语需后置。例如:
 We can see the rising sun. 我们可以看到东升的旭日
 He is a retired worker.  他是位退休的工人
 There was a girl sitting there. 有个女孩坐在那里
 This is the question given.   这是所给的问题
 There is nothing interesting.  没有有趣的东西
 分词作定语相当于定语从句,如Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists. = Most of the people who wereinvited to the party were famous scientists.
典型例题
  1) The first textbook ___ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. 
A. have written  B. to be written  C. being written  D. written
答案D. 书与写作是被动关系,应用过去分词做定语表被动,相当于定语从句 which was written
  2)What\'s the language ____ in Germany? 
A. speaking  B. spoken   C. be spoken  D. to speak
答案B. 主语language与谓语动词之间有被动的含义。spoken,在句中作定语,修饰主语language, spoken 与 language有被动关系。该句可以理解为:What\'s the language (which is) spoken in German?
9.2 分词作状语
分词作状语,可以表示时间,原因,理由,条件,让步,连续等,相当于一个状语从句。例如:
Not receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call. 由于没有收到他的信,我给他打了个电话。
  As I didn\'t receive any letter from him, I gave him a call.
  Given more attention,the trees could have grown better. 多给些照顾,那些树会长得更好。
  If more attention was given, the trees could have grown better.
典型例题
 1)_____ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.
A. Followed  B. Followed by  C. Being followed  D. Having been followed
 答案B. Napoleon 与follow 之间有被动的含义。being followed除表达被动之外,还有动作正在进行之意。 followed by(被…跟随)。本题可改为:                 With some officials following, Napoleon inspected his army.
 2)There was a terrible noise ___ the sudden burst of light. 
A. followed  B. following  C. to be followed  D. being followed
 答案B. 由于声音在闪电后,因此为声跟随着光,声音为跟随的发出者,为主动。用现在分词。
 3)_______, liquids can be changed into gases.
A. Heating  B. To be heated  C. Heated  D. Heat
 答案C. 本题要选分词作为状语。现在分词表主动,正在进行的;过去分词表被动的,已经完成的。对于液体来说是加热的受动者,是被动的,因而选C。它相当于一个状语从句 When it is heated,…
注意:选择现在分词还是过去分词,关键看主句的主语。如分词的动作是主句的主语发出,分词就选用现在分词,反之就用过去分词。例如:
Used for a long time, the book looks old. 由于用了很长时间,这本书看上去很旧。
  Using the book, I find it useful. 在使用的过程中,我发现这本书很有用。
9.3 连词+分词(短语)
 有时为使分词短语与主句关系更清楚,可在分词前加连词。 连词有: when,while,if though,after, before, as. 但分词的主语和主句的主语必须为同一个。例如:
  While waiting there, he saw two pretty girls e out of the building.
等在那儿时,他看见两个靓妹走出大楼。(waiting 和saw 的主语相同)
9.4 分词作补语
  通常在感官动词和使役动词之后。例如:
  I found my car missing. 我发现我的车不见了。
  \'ll have my watch repaired. 我想把我的手表修一下。
9.5 分词作表语
表示主语的状态等。例如:
  She looked tired with cooking. 她由于忙着做饭,看上去有些疲倦。
  He remained standing beside the table. 他依然站在桌旁。
9.6 分词作插入语
  分词作插入语的结构是固定的,意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。例如:
  generally speaking 一般说来
  talking of (speaking of) 说道
  strictly speaking 严格的说
  judging from 从…判断
  all things considered 从整体来看
  taking all things into consideration 全面看来
例如:Judging from his face, he must be ill. 从他的脸色看,他一定是病了。
  Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs. 总的来说,狗比猪跑得快。 (speaking 不是dogs 的动作)
9.7 分词的时态
1)一般式表示与主语动词同时发生。例如:
  Hearing the news, he jumped with joy.  听到这一消息,他高兴得手舞足蹈。
  Arriving there, they found the boy dead. 一到那儿,他们就发现那男孩死了。
典型例题
  The secretary worked late into the night, ___a long speech for the president.
A. to prepare  B. preparing  C. prepared  D. was preparing 
  答案B. 此处没有连词,不能选D,否则出现了两个谓语动词worked和was preparing。 只能在B,C中选一个。又因前后两个动作同时发生,且与主语为主动关系,应用现在分词。
2)完成时表示先于主语动词发生。例如:
  While walking in the garden,he hurt his leg. 在花园里散步时他伤了腿。
  分词作时间状语,如果先与主动词的动作,且强调先后, 要用having done。
  Having finished his homework, he went out. 做完作业后,他出去了。
  =As he had finished his homework, he went out.
典型例题
  ___ a reply, he decided to write again. 
A. Not receiving  B. Receiving not  C. Not having received  D. Having not received  
  答案C. 本题考查分词的时态与分词的否定式。根据题意判断,分词的动作(接信)发生在谓语动词的动作(决心再写信)之前,因此用分词的完成式。分词的否定式的构成为not +分词,故选C。该句可理解为:Because he had not received a reply, he decided to write again.
9.8 分词的语态
1)通常,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动。例如:
He is the man giving you the money.  (= who gave you…)他就是给你钱的那个人。
He is the man stopped by the car.  (= who was stopped by…)他就是那个被车拦住的人。
2)不及物动词的过去分词表示动作已经发生,如gone, fallen, retired, grown-up, escaped, faded, returned等。
例如: a well-read person.  一个读过许多书的人
   a much-traveled may 一个去过许多地方的人
   a burnt-out match   烧完了的火柴

10.独立主格
10.1 独立主格
独立主格结构的构成:名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词;
名词(代词)+形容词;
名词(代词)+副词;
名词(代词)+不定式;
名词(代词) +介词短语构成。 
独立主格结构的特点:1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。
   2)名词或代词与后面的分词,形容词,副词,不定式,介词等是主谓关系。
   3)独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考试结束了,我们开始放假。
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 总统被谋杀了,举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.天气允许,我们明天去看你。
This done, we went home. 工作完成后,我们才回家。
The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.会议结束后,每个人都想早点回家。
He came into the room, his ears red with cold. 他回到了房子里,耳朵冻得红通通的。
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 他夹着本厚书,走出图书馆
10.2 with的复合结构作独立主格
  表示伴随情况时,既可用分词的独立结构,也可用with的复合结构:with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语。例如:
   He stood there, his hand raised. = He stood there, with his hand raise.他举手着站在那儿。
典型例题
  The murderer was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。
A. being tied  B. having tied  C. to be tied  D. tied  
  答案D. with +名词(代词)+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时,其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词\"手\"与分词\"绑\"是被动关系,因此用过去分词,选D.  
注意:
1) 独立主格结构使用介词的问题: 当介词是in时,其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分(如物主代词或冠词),也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制。例如:A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.(hand前不能加his)劫匪冲进房间,手里拿着刀。
2) 当表示人体部位的词做逻辑主语时,及物动词用现在分词,不及物动词用过去分词。
He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.
他躺在那儿,牙紧咬,双手握拳,两眼直勾勾看着上面。
典型例题:
  Weather___, we\'ll go out for a walk.
  A permitted  B permitting  C permits  D for permitting
  答案B. 本题中没有连词,它不是复合句,也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗号,且we 小写,可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。据此判断,本句中使用的是独立结构,其结构为:名词+分词。 由于permit在这里翻译为\'天气允许\',表主动,应用现在分词,故选B。
  如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式,不妨将句子改为条件句,例如本句改为If weather permits, we\'ll go out for a walk. 然后将if 去掉,再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。

11. 动词的时态
11.1 一般现在时的用法
1) 经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。时间状语: every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday。例如:
   I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。
2) 客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。例如:
  The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。
  Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。
3) 表示格言或警句。例如:
  Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。
  注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
例:Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。
4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如:
  I don\'t want so much. 我不要那么多。
  Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错,讲的可不行。
比较:Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。
    I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课。
  第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时。
11.2 一般过去时的用法
1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如:时间状语有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如:
  Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了?
2)表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作。例如:
  When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 我是个孩子的时候,常在马路上踢足球。
Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm wele.
那时,布朗一家无论什么时候去,都受到热烈欢迎。     
3)句型:It is time for sb. to do sth  \"到……时间了\"  \"该……了\"。例如:It is time for you to go to bed.  你该睡觉了。
  It is time that sb. did sth. \"时间已迟了\"  \"早该……了\" ,例如It is time you went to bed.   你早该睡觉了。
    would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示\'宁愿某人做某事\'。例如:I\'d rather you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。
4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时,作试探性的询问、请求、建议等,而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在。例如:I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。
比较:Christine was an invalid all her life.(含义:她已不在人间。)
   Christine has been an invalid all her life.(含义:她现在还活着)
   Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义:达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)
   Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义:现在还住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去)
注意: 用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气。
1)动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如:
    Did you want anything else? 您还要些什么吗?
    I wondered if you could help me. 能不能帮我一下。
2)情态动词 could, would。例如:
    Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行车,能借用一些吗?
11.3 used to / be used to
  used to + do:\"过去常常\"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态,但如今已不存在。例如:
  Mother used not to be so fetful. 老妈过去没那么健忘。
  Scarf used to take a walk. 斯卡夫过去常常散步。
  be used to + doing: 对……已感到习惯,或\"习惯于\",to是介词,后需加名词或动名词。例如:
  He is used to a vegetarian diet.  
  Scarf is used to taking a walk. 斯卡夫现在已习惯于散步了。
典型例题   
---- Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it.
---- It\'s 69568442.      
A. didn\'t  B. couldn\'t C. don\'t D. can\'t
  答案A. 本句虽没有明确的时间状语,但从语意上看出,在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去,因此应用过去时。
11.4 一般将来时
1)shall用于第一人称,常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称,在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如:
   Which paragraph shall I read first? 我先读哪一段呢?
   Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗?
2)be going to +不定式,表示将来。
  a. 主语的意图,即将做某事。例如:What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢?
  b. 计划,安排要发生的事。例如:The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。
  c. 有迹象要发生的事。例如:Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那乌云,快要下雨了。
3)be +不定式表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如:
   We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。
4)be about to +不定式,意为马上做某事。例如:
   He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京。
注意:be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。
11.5 be going to / will 用于条件句时,be going to表将来,will表意愿。
  If you are going to make a journey, you\'d better get ready for it as soon as possible.
  Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.
11.6 be to和be going to
   be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事,be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。
I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.  明天下午我去踢球。(客观安排)
I\'m going to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我想去踢球。(主观安排)
11.7 一般现在时表将来
1)下列动词e, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来,主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如:
 The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。
 When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽车什么时候开?十分钟后。
2)以here, there等开始的倒装句,表示动作正在进行。例如:
 Here es the bus. = The bus is ing. 车来了。
 There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 铃响了。
3)在时间或条件句中。例如:
 When Bill es (不是will e), ask him to wait for me. 比尔来后,让他等我。
 I\'ll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里,就写信给你。
4)在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等的宾语从句中。例如:
 I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他们下星期玩得开心。
 Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 离开房间前,务必把窗户关了。