2012届高考英语第一轮语法大全复习教案及配套练习3
详细内容
e, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等现在进行时可以表示将来。例如:
I\'m leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。
Are you staying here till next week? 你会在这儿呆到下周吗?
11.9 现在完成时
现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,其结果的影响现在还存在;也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成:have (has) +过去分词。
11.10 比较一般过去时与现在完成时
1)一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。
2)一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语:yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980, in October, just now等,皆为具体的时间状语。
现在完成时的时间状语:for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等,皆不确定的时间状语。
共同的时间状语:this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。
3)现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。
一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有e, go, leave, start, die, finish, bee, get married等。例如:
I saw this film yesterday. (强调看的动作发生过了)
I have seen this film. (强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了)
Why did you get up so early? (强调起床的动作已发生过了)
Who hasn\'t handed in his paper? (强调有卷子未交,疑为不公平竞争)
He has been in the League for three years. (在团内的状态可延续)
He has been a League member for three years. (是团员的状态可持续)
句子中如有过去时的时间副词(如yesterday, last, week, in 1960)时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时。
(错)Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
(对)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
11.11 用于现在完成时的句型
1)It is the first / second time.... that…结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时。例如:
It is the first time that I have visited the city. 这是我第一次访问这城市。
This is the first time (that) I\'ve heard him sing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌。
注意:It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2)This is +形容词最高级+that…结构,that 从句要用现在完成时。例如:
This is the best film that I\'ve (ever) seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。
典型例题
(1) ---Do you know our town at all?
---No, this is the first time I ___ here.
A. was B. have been C. came D. am ing
答案B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时,故选B。
(2) ---Have you ____ been to our town before?
---No, it\'s the first time I ___ here.
A. even, e B. even, have e C. ever, e D. ever, have e
答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时,反意词为never,此两词常用于完成时。
注意:非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。
(错)I have received his letter for a month.
(对)I haven\'t received his letter for almost a month.
11.12 比较since和for
Since 用来说明动作起始时间,for用来说明动作延续时间长度。例如:
I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在这儿二十多年了。
I have lived here since I was born. 我从出生起就住在这儿了。
注意:并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。
I worked here for more than twenty years. (我现在已不在这里工作。)
I have worked here for many years.(现在我仍在这里工作。)
注意:用句型转换的方法,很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。
1)(对) Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.
2)(错) Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.
显然,第二句不对,它应改为 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years.
11.13 since的四种用法
1) since +过去一个时间点(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six)。例如:
I have been here since 1989. 1989起,我一直在这儿。
2) since +一段时间+ ago。例如:
I have been here since five months ago. 我在这儿,已经有五个月了。
3) since +从句。例如:
Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走后,变化可大了。
Great changes have taken place since we were here. 我们走后,变化可大了。
4) It is +一段时间+ since从句。例如:
It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. 我考上研究生有两年了。
11.14 延续动词与瞬间动词
1) 用于完成时的区别
延续动词表示经验、经历; 瞬间动词表示行为的结果,不能与表示段的时间状语连用。例如:
He has pleted the work. 他已完成了那项工作。 (表结果)
I\'ve known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历)
2) 用于till / until从句的差异
延续动词用于肯定句,表示\"做……直到……\" 瞬间动词用于否定句,表示\"到……,才……\"。例如:
He didn\'t e back until ten o\'clock. 他到10 点才回来。
He slept until ten o\'clock. 他一直睡到10点。
典型例题
1. You don\'t need to describe her. I ___ her several times.
A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet
答案B. 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响,我知道她的模样,你不用描述。再次,several times告知为反复发生的动作,因此用现在完成时。
2. ---I\'m sorry to keep you waiting.
---Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes.
A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be
答案A. 等待的动作由过去开始,持续到现在,应用现在完成时。
11.15 过去完成时
1) 概念:表示过去的过去
----|----------|--------|----> 其构成是had +过去分词构成。
那时以前 那时 现在
2) 用法
a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。例如:
She said (that)she had never been to Paris. 她告诉我她曾去过巴黎。
b. 状语从句
在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在先,用过去完成时;发生在后,用一般过去时。例如:
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到达时,小偷们早就跑了。
c. 表示意向的动词,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用过去完成时表示\"原本…,未能…\"。例如:
We had hoped that you would e, but you didn\'t. 那时我们希望你能来,但是你没有来。
3) 过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。例如:
He said that he had learned some English before. 他说过他以前学过一些英语。
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 到了十二岁那年,爱迪生开始自己谋生。
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
汤姆失望了,因为他到达晚会时,大部分客人已经走了。
典型例题
The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.
A. had written, left B,were writing, has left C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left
答案D. \"把书忘在办公室\"发生在\"去取书\"这一过去的动作之前,因此\"忘了书\"这一动作发生在过去的过去,用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点,表示在\"同学们正忙于……\"这一背景下,when所引导的动作发生。因此前一句应用过去进行时。
注意: had hardly… when 还没等…… 就……。例如:
I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me. 我刚打开门,他就打了我。
had no sooner…than 刚…… 就……。例如:
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 他刚买了这辆车,转眼又卖了。
11.16 用一般过去时代替过去完成时
1) 两个动作如按顺序发生,又不强调先后,或用then,and,but 等连词时,多用一般过去时。例如:
When she saw the mouse,she screamed. 她看到老鼠,就叫了起来。
My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑妈给了我一顶帽子,我把它丢了。
2 ) 两个动作相继发生,可用一般过去时;如第一个动作需要若干时间完成,用过去完成时。例如:
When I heard the news, I was very excited.
3) 叙述历史事实,可不用过去完成时,而只用一般过去时。例如:
Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.
11.17 将来完成时
1) 构成will have done
2) 概念
a. 状态完成:表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如:
They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。
b. 动作完成:表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前,已经完成的动作或获得的经验。例如:
You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此时,你已经到达上海了。
11.18 现在进行时
现在进行时的基本用法:
a. 表示现在(指说话人说话时)正在发生的事情。例如:
We are waiting for you. 我们正在等你。
b. 习惯进行:表示长期的或重复性的动作,说话时动作未必正在进行。例如:
Mr. Green is writing another novel. 他在写另一部小说。(说话时并未在写,只处于写作的状态。)
c. 表示渐变,这样的动词有:get, grow, bee, turn, run, go, begin等。例如:
The leaves are turning red. 叶子在变红。
It\'s getting warmer and warmer. 天越来越热了。
d. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用,表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态,往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例如:
You are always changing your mind. 你老是改变主意。
典型例题
My dictionary ___, I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it.
A. has lost, don\'t find B. is missing, don\'t find C. has lost, haven\'t found D. is missing, haven\'t found.
答案D. 前句是一个仍在持续的状态,应用进行时,由于没有找到,其影响仍然存在,应用完成时,瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。
11.19 不用进行时的动词
1)表示事实状态的动词,如have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等。例如:I have two brothers. 我有两兄弟。
This house belongs to my sister. 这房子是我姐的。
2)表示心理状态的动词,如know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, fet, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate等。例如:I need your help. 我需要你的帮助。
He loves her very much. 他爱她很深。
3)瞬间动词,如aept, receive, plete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse等。例如:
I aept your advice. 我接受你的劝告。
4)系动词,如seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, bee, turn等。例如:
You seem a little tired. 你看上去有点累。
11.20 过去进行时
1)概念:表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。
2)过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景;一个长动作延续的时候,另一个短动作发生。
3) 常用的时间状语有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。例如:
My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. 我兄弟骑车时摔了下来,受了伤。
It was raining when they left the station. 他们离开车站时,正下着雨。
When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining. 我到达山顶时,阳光灿烂。
典型例题
1) Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger.
A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes
答案C. 割伤手指是已发生的事情,应用过去时。同时,when表时间的同时性,\"玛丽在做衣服时\"提供事情发生的背景,因此用过去进行时。
2) As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep.
A. read;was falling B. was reading; fell C. was reading; was falling D. read;fell
答案B.句中的as = when, while,意为\"当……之时\"。描述一件事发生的背景时,用过去进行;一个长动作发生的时候,另一个短动作发生。句意为 \"在她看报纸时,奶奶睡着了。\"句中的 fell(fall的过去时),是系动词,后跟形容词,如:fall sick。
11.21 将来进行时
1) 概念:表示将来某时进行的状态或动作,或按预测将来会发生的事情。例如:
She\'ll be ing soon. 她会很快来的。
I\'ll be meeting him sometime in the future. 将来我一定去见他。
注意:将来进行时不用于表示\"意志\",不能说 I\'ll be having a talk with her.
2)常用的时间状语有soon, tomorrow, this evening,on Sunday, by this time,tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening等。例如:By this time tomorrow, I\'ll be lying on the beach. 明天此时,我正躺在海滩上呢。
11.22 一般现在时代替一般将来时
When, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case (that), unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, immediately等引导的时间状语从句,条件句中,用一般现在时代替将来时。例如:
He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. 他一到北京,就去看他姨妈。
典型例题
(1)He said he________me a present unless I_______ in doing the experiment.
A. had not given; had not sueeded B. would not give; sueeded
C. will not give; sueed D. would not give; will sueed.
答案B. 在时间,条件或让步主语从句中一般不用将来时。本题有He said,故为过去式。主句用将来时,故选B. 此处用一般过去式代替了过去将来时。
(2) 表示现在已安排好的未来事项,行程等活动。例如:
The museum opens at ten tomorrow. 博物馆明天10点开门。(实际上每天如此。)
11.23 一般现在时代替一般过去时
1 ) \"书上说\",\"报纸上说\"等。例如:
The newspaper says that it\'s going to be cold tomorrow. 报纸上说明天会很冷的。
2) 叙述往事,使其生动。例如:
Napoleon\'s army now advances and the great battle begins.拿破仑的军队正在向前挺进,大战开始了。
11.24 一般现在时代替现在完成时
1) 有些动词用一般现在时代替完成时,如hear, tell, learn, write , understand, fet, know, find , say, remember等。例如:
I hear (= have heard) he will go to London. 我听说了他将去伦敦。
I fet (=have fotten) how old he is. 我忘了他多大了。
2) 用句型 \" It is … since…\"代替\"It has been … since …\"。例如:
It is (= has been) five years since we last met. 从我们上次见面以来,五年过去了。
11.25 一般现在时代替现在进行时。
在Here es…/There goes…等句型里,用一般现在时代替现在进行时。例如:
There goes the bell. 铃响了。
11.26 现在进行时代替将来时
1) 表示即将发生的或预定中计划好的活动。例如:
Are you staying with us this weekend? 和我们一起度周末好吗?
We are leaving soon. 我们马上就走。
2) 渐变动词,如get, run, grow, bee, begin以及瞬间动词die等。例如:
He is dying. 他要死了。
11.27 时态一致
1) 如果从句所叙述的为真理或相对不变的事实,则用现在时。例如:
At that time, people did not know that the earth moves. 那时,人们不知道地球是动的。
He told me last week that he is eighteen. 上星期他告诉我他十八岁了。
2) 宾语从句中的,助动词ought, need, must, dare 的时态是不变的。例如:
He thought that I need not tell you the truth. 他认为我不必告诉你真相。
11.28 时态与时间状语
时态 时间状语
一般现在时 every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday等
一般过去时 yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982, just now等
一般将来时 next…, tomorrow, in+一段时间, before+时间点等
现在完成时 for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always, recently等
过去完成时 before, by+过去的时间, until, when, after, once等
过去进行时 this morning, the whole morning, all day, yesterday, from nine to ten last evening… when, while等
将来进行时 soon, tomorrow, this evening, on Sunday, by this time, tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening
12. 动词的语态
语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。主语是动作的发出者时为主动语态;主语是动作的接受者时为被动语态。
注意:1)感官动词主动语态的宾语补足语是不带to 的不定式,变为被动语态时,该不定式前要加\"to\"。例如:
The teacher made me go out of the classroom. 老师逼我走出教室。
--> I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher).
We saw him play football on the playground. 我们看见他在草场踢球。
--> He was seen to play football on the playground.
2)情态动词+ be +过去分词,构成被动语态。例如:
Coal can be used to produce electricity for agriculture and industry. 煤可以产生工农业需要的电。
12.1 let 的用法
1)当let后只有一个单音节动词,变被动语态时,可用不带to 的不定式。例如:
They let the strange go.他们放陌生人走了。
---> The strange was let go.
2)当let 后宾补较长时,let 通常不用被动语态,而用allow或permit 代替。例如:
The nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital. 那护士让我去探望住院的同学。
----> I was allowed / permitted to see my classmate in the hospital.
12.2 短语动词的被动语态
短语动词是一个整体,不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。例如:
My sister will be taken care of by Grandma. 我妹妹由奶奶照顾。
Such a thing has never been heard of before. 这样的事闻所未闻。
12.3 表示\"据说\"或\"相信\" 的词组,基本上由believe, consider, declare, expect, feel , report, say, see, suppose, think, understand等组成。例如:
It is said that… 据说
It is reported that… 据报道
It is believed that… 大家相信
It is hoped that… 大家希望
It is well known that… 众所周知
It is thought that… 大家认为
It is suggested that… 据建议
It is taken granted that… 被视为当然
It has been decided that… 大家决定
It must be remember that… 务必记住的是
12.4 不用被动语态的情况
1) 不及物动词或不及物动词短语,如appear, die disappear, end(vi. 结束), fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread,
stand, break out, e true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place等没有无被动语态。
例如:After the fire, very little remained of my house. 大火过后,我家烧得所剩无几。
比较:rise, fall, happen是不及物动词;raise, seat是及物动词。
(错) The price has been risen.
(对) The price has risen.
(错) The aident was happened last week.
(对) The aident happened last week.
(错) The price has raised.
(对) The price has been raised.
(错) Please seat.
(对) Please be seated.
要想正确地使用被动语态,就须注意哪些动词是及物的,哪些是不及物的。特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法。解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累。
2) 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语,如fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, sueed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to等。例如:
This key just fits the lock. 这把钥匙只配这把锁。
Your story agrees with what had already been heard. 你说的与我们听说的一致。
3) 系动词无被动语态,如appear, be bee, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn等。例如:It sounds good. 听上去不错。
4) 带同源宾语的及物动词如die/death, dream/dream, live/life等,以及反身代词,相互代词,不能用于被动语态。例如:
She dreamed a bad dream last night. 她昨晚做了个恶梦。
5) 当宾语是不定式时,很少用于被动语态。例如:
(对) She likes to swim.
(错) To swim is liked by her.
12.5 主动形式表示被动意义
1)wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell等。例如:
The book sells well. 这本书销路好。
This knife cuts easily. 这刀子很好用。
2)blame, let(出租), remain, keep, rent, build等。例如:
I was to blame for the aident. 事故发生了,我该受指责。
Much work remains. 还有许多活要干。
3) 在need, require, want, worth (形容词), deserve后的动名词必须用主动形式。
The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired. 门该修了。
This book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。
4)特殊结构:make sb. heard / understood (使别人能听见/理解自己)等。例如:
Explain it clearly and make yourself understood. 解释清楚些,让别人理解你的话。
12.6 被动形式表示主动意义,如 be determined, be pleased, be graduated (from), be prepared (for), be oupied (in),
get married等。
He is graduated from a famous university. 他毕业于一所有名的大学。
注意:表示同某人结婚,用marry sb. 或get married to sb.均可。例如:
He married a rich girl. 他与一个富妞结婚了。
He got married to a rich girl.
12.7 need/want/require/worth
当 need, want, require, be worth后面接doing时,表示的是被动意义。例如:
Your hair wants cutting. 你的头发该理了。
The floor requires washing. 地板需要冲洗。
典型例题
The library needs___, but it\'ll have to wait until Sunday.
A. cleaning B. be cleaned C. clean D. being cleaned
答案A. need (实意) +n /to do,need (情态)+ do,当为被动语态时,还可need + doing. 本题考最后一种用法,选A。如有to be cleaned 则也为正确答案。
13. 句子的种类
(一)按使用目的,句子可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。
1)陈述句(Declarative Sentences):说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。例如:
Light travels faster than sound. 光比声传播速度快。(说明事实)
The film is rather boring. 这部电影很乏味。(说明看法)
2)疑问句(Interrogative Sentences):提出问题。有以下四种:
a. 一般疑问句(General Questions):
Can you finish the work in time? 你能按时完成工作吗?
b. 特殊疑问句(Wh-Questions):
Where do you live? 你住那儿?
c. 选择疑问句(Alternative Questions):
Do you want tea or coffee? 你是要茶还是要咖啡?
d. 反意疑问句(Tag-Questions):
He doesn\'t know her, does he? 他不认识她,对不对?
3)祈使句(Imperative Sentences):提出请求,建议或发出命令。例如:
Don\'t be nervous! 别紧张!
4)感叹句(Exclamatory Sentences):表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪。例如:
What good news it is! 多好的消息啊!
(二)句子按其结构可以分为以下三类:
1)简单句(Simple Sentences):只包含一个主谓结构句子叫简单句。例如:
She is fond of collecting stamps. 她喜欢集邮。
2)并列句(pound Sentences):包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子叫并列句,句与句之间通常用并列连词或分号来连接。例如:
The food was good, but he had little appetite. 食物很精美,但他却没什么胃口。
3)复合句(plex Sentences):包含一个主句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句,从句由从属连词引导。例如:
The film had begun when we got to the cinema. 我们到达电影院的时候,电影已经开演了。
(三)基本句型(Basic Sentence Patterns):英语中千变万化的句子归根结底都是由以下五种基本句型组合、扩展、变化而来的:
1) 主 + 动(SV)例如:I work. 我工作。
2)主 + 动 + 表(SVP)例如:John is busy. 约翰忙。
3)主 + 动 + 宾(SVO)例如:She studies English. 她学英语。
4)主 + 动 + 宾 + 补(SVOC)例如:Time would prove me right. 时间会证明我是对的。
5)主 + 动 + 间宾 + 直宾(SVOiOd)例如:My mother made me a new dress. 我母亲给我做了一件新衣裳。
13.1 祈使句结构
祈使句用以表达命令,要求,请求,劝告等。
1)祈使句有两种类型,一种是以动词原形开头,在动词原形之前加do (但只限于省略第二人称主语的句子)。例如:
Take this seat. 坐这儿。
Do be careful. 务必小心。
否定结构:例如:
Don\'t move. 不准动。
Don\'t be late. 不要迟到。
2)第二种祈使句以let开头。
Let 的反意疑问句:
a. Let\'s 包括说话者。例如:
Let\'s have another try, shall we / shan\'t we? = Shall we have another try? 我们再试一次,如何?
b. Let us 不包括说话者。例如:
Let us have another try,will you / won\'t you? = Will you please let us have another try? 你让我们再试一次,好吗?
否定结构:例如:
Let\'s not talk of that matter. 不要谈这件事。
Let us not talk of that matter. 你不要让我们谈这件事。
13.2 感叹句结构
感叹句通常有what, how引导,表示赞美、惊叹、喜悦、等感情。what修饰名词,how 修饰形容词,副词或动词,感叹句结构主要有以下几种:
掌握它的搭配,即掌握了感叹句的重点。
How +形容词+ a +名词+ 陈述语序。例如:How clever a boy he is! 他是多聪明的孩子!
How+形容词或副词+陈述语序。例如:How lovely the baby is! 小毛头真可爱!
What +名词+陈述语序。例如:What noise they are making! 他们真吵!
What +a+形容词+名词+陈述语序。例如:What a clever boy he is! 他是多聪明的孩子!
What+ 形容词+复数名词+陈述语序。例如:What wonderful ideas (we have)! 我们的主意真棒!
What+ 形容词+不可数名词+陈述语序。例如:What cold weather it is! 多冷的天!
What a clever boy he is!的省略形式为:What a clever boy!
典型例题
1)___ food you\'ve cooked!
A. How a nice B. What a nice C. How nice D. What nice
答案D. 由于How 修饰形容词,副词;what修饰名词。且food为不可数名词,因此A,B 排除。C的 How + adj. 后面不能再加名词,因此只有D正确,其句型为What + adj. +n. (不可数)。
2)___terrible weather we\'ve been having these days!
A. What B. What a C. How D. How a
答案A. weather为不可数名词,B,D排除。C为how + adj. 后面不应有名词。只有A,符合句型What +形容词+不可数名词。
3) --- _____ I had!
--- You really suffered a lot.
A. What a time B. What time C. How a time D. how time
答案A. 感叹句分两类:
1:What + n.+主谓部分
2:How + adj. / adv. / v.+主谓部分。本题属第一种,但省略了bad,相对于 What a bad time I had! 这是个习惯用语。
13.3 强调句结构
常用的强调句结构是it 引导的句子,结构为It is(was)+ 被强调部分+ that (who) + 句子的其余部分。此结构强调的成分限于主语,宾语和状语。例如:
It is from the sun that we get light and heat. 我们是从太阳那儿获取光和热。
It was not until I had read your letter that I understood the true state of affairs. 知道读了你的信,我才知道实际情形。
典型例题
1)It was last night ___ I see the et.
A. the time B. when C. that D. which
答案C. 强调句的结构是: It +be +强调部分 + that (who))+ 主谓句。 强调句的连词只有两个,that和who。当强调的部分是人,且为句子的主语时,才用 \"who\",其余用that。再如:原句:My father did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.
强调主语: It was my father who did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.
强调宾语: It was the experiment that my father did in the lab yesterday evening.
强调时间: It was yesterday evening that my father did the experiment in the lab. (注意不用when)
强调地点: It was in the lab that my father did the experiment yesterday evening.
2)It is ten years ___ Miss Green returned to Canada.
A. that B. when C. since D. as
答案C. 考点是连词用法。本题易误选为A. that. 其实本句不是强调句。若是,去掉It be… that还应是一个完整的句子。而本句去掉 \'It is…that\',只剩下ten years Miss Green returned to Canada. 不成句。因此本句不是强调句。
13.4 用助动词进行强调
句子的强调句还可以用助动词do (did,does) 强调谓语。例如:
She does like this horse. 她的确喜欢这匹马。
Please do take care of yourself. 千万保重。
13.5 反意疑问句
1) 陈述部分的主语是I,疑问部分要用 aren\'t I。例如:
I\'m as tall as your sister, aren\'t I? 我跟你姐一样高,对吗?
2) 陈述部分的谓语是wish,疑问部分要用may +主语。例如:
I wish to have a word with you, may I? 我想与你说句话,行吗?
3) 陈述部分用 no, nothing, nobody, never, few, seldom, hardly, rarely, little等否定含义的词时,疑问部分用肯定含义。例如:Some plants never blown (开花), do they ? 有些植物从不开花,对吗?
4) 含有ought to 的反意疑问句,陈述部分是肯定的,疑问部分用shouldn\'t / oughtn\'t +主语。例如:
He ought to know what to do, oughtn\'t he? / shouldn\'t he? 他应该知道该做什么,对吗?
5) 陈述部分有have to +v. (had to + v.),疑问部分常用don\'t +主语(didn\'t +主语)。例如:
We have to get there at eight tomorrow, don\'t we? 我们要在明天早上八点到达那儿,是吗?
6) 陈述部分的谓语是used to 时,疑问部分用didn\'t +主语或 usedn\'t +主语。例如:
He used to take pictures there, didn\'t he? / usedn\'t he? 他以前常在那儿拍照,是吗?
7) 陈述部分有had better + v. 疑问句部分用hadn\'t you? 例如:
You\'d better read it by yourself, hadn\'t you? 你最好自己去读,好吗?
8) 陈述部分有would rather +v.,疑问部分多用 wouldn\'t +主语。例如:
He would rather read it ten times than recite it, wouldn\'t he? 他宁可读十遍也不愿意背诵,是吗?
9) 陈述部分有You\'d like to +v. 疑问部分用wouldn\'t +主语。例如:
You\'d like to go with me, wouldn\'t you? 你想和我们一块去,对吗?
10) 陈述部分有must 的疑问句,疑问部分根据实际情况而定。例如:
He must be a doctor, isn\'t he? 他肯定是医生,是吗?
You must have studied English for three years, haven\'t you? / didn\'t you? 你一定读过三年英语,对吗?
He must have finished it yesterday, didn\'t he? 他肯定是在昨天完成任务的,是吗?
11) 感叹句中,疑问部分用be +主语。例如:
What colors, aren\'t they? 多漂亮的颜色,是吗?
12) 陈述部分由neither… nor, either… or 连接的并列主语时,疑问部分根据其实际逻辑意义而定。
Neither you nor I am engineer, are we? 你不是工程师,我也不是,对吗?
13) 陈述部分主语是指示代词或不定代词everything, that, nothing, this, 疑问部分主语用it。例如:
Everything is ready, isn\'t it? 一切就绪,是吗?
14) 陈述部分为主语从句或并列复合句,疑问部分有三种情况:
a. 并列复合句疑问部分,谓语动词根据邻近从句的谓语而定。例如:
Mr. Smith had been to Beijing for several times, he should have been in China now, shouldn\'t he?
史密斯先生曾几次去过北京,按理说他现在应该在中国,是吗?
b. 带有定语从句,宾语从句的主从复合句,疑问部分谓语根据主句的谓语而定。例如:
He said he wanted to visit Japan, didn\'t he? 他说他想去日本看看,他是那样说的吗?
c. 陈述部分主句为第一人称,谓语是think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine等引导的定语从句,疑问部分与宾语从句相对应构成反意疑问句。例如:
I don\'t think he is bright, is he? 我认为他并不聪明,是吗?
We believe she can do it better, can\'t she? 我们相信她能做得更好,她能吗?
15) 陈述部分主语是不定代词everybody, anyone, somebody, nobody, no one等,疑问部分常用复数they,有时也用单数he。例如:
Everyone knows the answer, don\'t they? (does he?) 人人都知道答案,是这样吧?
Nobody knows about it, do they? (does he?) 没人知道这件事,是吧?
16) 带情态动词dare或need的反意疑问句,疑问部分常用 need (dare ) +主语。例如:
We need not do it again, need we ? 我们不必重做一遍,是吗?
He dare not say so, dare he? 他不敢这样说,是吗?
当dare, need 为实义动词时,疑问部分用助动词do + 主语。例如:
She doesn\'t dare to go home alone, does she? 她不敢独自回家,是吗?
17) 省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句,疑问部分用will you。例如:
Don\'t do that again, will you? 别再这样做,好吗?
Go with me, will you / won\'t you ? 跟我走吧,好吗?
注意:Let\'s 开头的祈使句,后用shall we?
Let us 开头的祈使句,后用will you? 例如:
Let\'s go and listen to the music, shall we? 一起去听音乐,好吗?
Let us wait for you in the reading-room, will you ? 你让我们在阅览室等你,好吗?
18) 陈述部分是\"there be\"结构的,疑问部分用there省略主语代词。例如:
There is something wrong with your watch, isn\'t there? 你的表有问题,对不对?
There will not be any trouble, will there? 不会有麻烦吧,是吗?
19) 否定前缀不能视为否定词,其反意疑问句仍用否定形式。例如:
It is impossible, isn\'t it? 这不可能,是吗?
He is not unkind to his classmates, is he? 他不会对他同学使坏,是吗?
20) must在表\"推测\"时,根据其推测的情况来确定反意疑问句。例如:
He must be there now, isn\'t he? 他现在肯定在那儿,是吧?
It must be going to rain tomorrow, won\'t it? 明天肯定要下雨,是吗?
14. 倒装
14.1 倒装句之全部倒装
全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用于一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有:
1) here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, e, go, lie, run等表示来去或状态的动词。例如:
Then came the chairman. 那时总裁来了。
Here is your letter. 你的信。
2) 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首,谓语表示运动的动词。例如:
Out rushed a missile from under the bomber. 轰炸机肚底下窜出一枚导弹。
Ahead sat an old woman. 前面坐着一个老妪。
注意:上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词,如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。例如:
Here he es. 他来了。
Away they went. 他们走开了。
14.2 倒装句之部分倒装
部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句子的谓语没有助动词或情态动词,则需添加助动词do, does或did,并将其置于主语之前。
1. 句首为否定或半否定的词语,如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until… 等。例如:
Never have I seen such a performance. 从未见过如此糟糕的表演。
Nowhere will you find the answer to this question. 无论如何你不会找到这个问题的答案的。
Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. 母亲一直到孩子入睡后离开房间。
当Not until引出主从复合句,主句倒装,从句不倒装。注意: 如否定词不在句首不倒装。例如:
I have never seen such a performance.
The mother didn\'t leave the room until the child fell asleep.
典型例题
1) Why can\'t I smoke here?
At no time___ in the meeting-room
A. is smoking permitted B. smoking is permitted
C. smoking is it permitted D. does smoking permit
答案A. 这是一个倒装问题。当否定词语置于句首以表示强调时,其句中的主谓须用倒装结构。这些否定词包括no, little, hardly, seldom, never, not only, not until等。本题的正常语序是 Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time.
2) Not until the early years of the 19th century ___ what heat is.
A. man did know B. man know C. didn\'t man know D. did man know
答案D. 看到Not until…的句型,我们知道为一倒装句,答案在C,D 中选一个。
改写为正常语序为,Man did not know what heat is until the early years of the 19th. 现在将not提前,后面就不能再用否定了,否则意思就变了。
14.3 以否定词开头作部分倒装
如 Not only…but also, Hardly/Scarcely…when, No sooner… than等,要倒装。例如:
Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender. 他没有收下礼物,还狠狠批评了送礼的人。
Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her. 她刚出门,就有个学生来访。
No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her. 她刚出门,就有个学生来访。
典型例题
No sooner___ than it began to rain heavily.
A. the game began B. has the game begun
C. did the game begin D. had the game begun
答案D. 以具有否定意义的副词放在句首时,一般采用倒装句(谓语前置)。这类表示否定意义的词有never, seldom, scarcely, little, few, not, hardly, 以及not only…but (also), no sooner…than, hardly… when scarcely… when 等等。
注意:只有当Not only… but also连接两个分句时,才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Not only… but also仅连接两个并列词语,不可用倒装结构,如Not only you but also I am fond of music。
14.4 so, neither, nor作部分倒装
用这些词表示\"也\"、\"也不\" 的句子要部分倒装。例如:
Tom can speak French. So can Jack. 汤姆会讲法语,杰克也会。
If you won\'t go, neither will I.你不去,我也不去。
典型例题
---Do you know Jim quarrelled with his brother?
---I don\'t know, _____.
A. nor don\'t I care B. nor do I care C. I don\'t care neither D. I don\'t care also
答案:B. nor为增补意思\"也不关心\",因此句子应倒装。A错在用 don\'t 再次否定,C neither 用法不对且缺乏连词。D缺乏连词。
注意:当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时,不可用倒装结构。意为\"的确如此\"。例如:
Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did. 汤姆邀我去踢球,我去了。
---It\'s raining hard.---So it is. 雨下得真大。是呀。
14.5 only在句首倒装的情况。例如:
Only in this way, can you learn English well. 只有这样,你才能学好英语。
Only after being asked three times did he e to the meeting. 叫了三次,他才来参加会议。
如果句子为主从复合句,则主句倒装,从句不倒装。例如:
Only when he is seriously ill does he ever stay in bed. 病得狠重时,他才卧床休息。
14.6 as, though 引导的倒装句
as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前(形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前)。但需注意:
1) 句首名词不能带任何冠词。
2) 句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语,随实义动词一起放在主语之前。例如:
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily. 他工作很努力,但总不能让人满意。
注意:让步状语从句中,有though,although时,后面的主句不能有but,但是 though 和yet可连用。
14.7 其他部分倒装
1) so… that 句型中的so 位于句首时,需倒装。例如:
So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch. 他害怕得很,动也不敢动。
2) 在某些表示祝愿的句型中。例如:
May you all be happy. 愿你们都快乐。
3) 在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词,可将if 省略,把 were, had, should 移到主语之前,采取部分倒装。例如:
Were I you, I would try it again. 我是你的话,就再试一次。
典型例题:
1)Not until the early years of the 19th century___ what heat is
A. man did know B. man knew C. didn\'t man know D. did man know
答案为D. 否定词Not在句首,要求用部分倒装的句子结构。
2)Not until I began to work ___ how much time I had wasted.
A. didn\'t I realize B. did I realize C. I didn\'t realize D. I realize
答案为B。
3) Do you know Tom bought a new car?
I don\'t know, ___.
A. nor don\'t I care B. nor do I care
C. I don\'t care neither D. I don\'t care also
答案为B. 句中的nor引出部分倒装结构,表示\"也不\"。由 so, neither, nor引导的倒装句,表示前一情况的重复出现。其中, so用于肯定句, 而 neither, nor 用在否定句中。
15. 主谓一致是指:
1) 语法形式上要一致,即单复数形式与谓语要一致。
2) 意义上要一致,即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。
3) 就近原则,即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语,
一般来说,不可数名词用动词单数,可数名词复数用动词复数。例如:
There is much water in the thermos.
但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时,谓语动词用复数形式。例如:
Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.
15.1 并列结构作主语时谓语用复数,例如:
Reading and writing are very important. 读写很重要。
注意:当主语由and连结时,如果它表示一个单一的概念,即指同一人或同一物时,谓语动词用单数,and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。例如:
The iron and steel industry is very important to our life. 钢铁工业对我们的生活有重要意义。
典型例题
The League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the meeting.
A. is B. was C. are D. were
答案B. 注: 先从时态上考虑。这是过去发生的事情应用过去时,先排除A.,C。本题易误选D,因为The League secretary and monitor 好象是两个人,但仔细辨别,monitor 前没有the,在英语中,当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词。后面的职务用and 相连。这样本题主语为一个人,所以应选B。