机械事故的发生与防范(一)
详细内容
机械设备安全贯穿于机械设备的设计、制造、运输、安装、调试、运转、维修和人员培训等各方面。在这里主要和大家分享的是机械事故的发生与防范.
All aspects of the design, machinery and equipment safety throughout the machinery and equipment manufacturing, transportation, installation, missioning, operation, repair and personnel training etc.. Here and share is ourrence and prevention of mechanical aident.
一、机械事故发生的直接原因
Direct cause of the aident, machinery
1．机械的不安全状态
Unsafe state of 1 machine
(l)防护、保险、信号等装置缺乏或有缺陷。
( L ) protection, insurance, signal devices lack or defective.
①无防护
Without protection
无防护罩，无安全保险装置，无报警装置，无安全标志，无护栏或护栏损坏，设备电气未接地，尽缘不良，噪声大，无穷位装置等。
No shield, no insurance safety devices, no alarm device, no safety signs, no barrier or fence damaged, electrical equipment ungrounded, defective insulations, large noise, infinite device etc..
②防护不当
The improper protection
防护罩未在适当位置，防护装置调整不当，安全间隔不够，电气装置带电部分裸露等。
The protective cover is not in place, protective device adjusts improper, safety distance is not enough, the live parts exposed electrical apparatus.
(2)设备、设施、工具、附件有缺陷。
( 2 ) equipment, facilities, tools, aessories have defects.
①设备在非正常状态下运行，设备带“病”运转，超负荷定转等。
The equipment operating in abnormal condition, equipment with "disease " operation, overload control etc..
②维修、调整不良，设备失修，保养不当，设备失灵，未加润滑油等。
To repair, adjust the bad, equipment disrepair, improper maintenance, equipment failure, without lubricating oil etc..
③机械强度不够，尽缘强度不够，起吊重物的绳索分歧安全要求等。
The mechanical strength is not enough, as far as edge strength is not enough, a different security requirements of lifting heavy objects.
④设计不当，结构分歧安全要求，制动装置有缺陷，安全间距不够，工件上有锋利毛刺、毛边、设备上有锋利倒棱等。
The improper design, structural differences in the safety requirements, a braking device defect, safety distance is not enough, the workpiece is sharp, sharp burr, burr chamfer, equipment.
(3)个人防护用品、用具。如防护服、手套、护目镜及面罩、呼吸器官护具、安全带、安全帽、安全鞋等缺少或有缺陷。
( 3 ) personal protective equipment, appliances. Such as protective clothing, gloves, goggles and masks, respiratory equipment, safety belt, safety helmet, safety shoes missing or defective.
①所用防护用品、用具不符合安全要求。
①the protective supplies, equipment does not meet the safety requirements.
②无个人防护用品、用具。
Without personal protective equipment, appliances.
(4)生产场地环境不良
( 4 ) the production site environment
①透风不良
The ventilation adverse
无透风，透风系统效率低等。
No ventilation, ventilation system efficiency is low.
②照明光线不良
In the light of bad
包括照度不足，作业场所烟雾烟尘弥漫、视物不清，光线过强，有眩光等。
Including the illumination is insufficient, the smoke dust in workplaces diffuse, blurred vision, glare light is too strong, etc..
③作业场地杂乱
The ground clutter
工具、制品、材料堆放不安全。
Tools, products, materials stacked unsafe.
④作业场所狭窄。
The workplace stenosis.
(5)操纵工序设计或配置不安全，交叉作业过多。
( 5 ) operating process design or configuration is not secure, the cross of too much homework.
(6)地面滑，地面有油或其他液体，有冰雪。地面有易滑物如圆柱形管子、料头、滚珠等。
( 6 ) the ground slippery, the ground to have oil or other liquid, ice and snow. The ground is slippery substance such as a cylindrical pipe, head, ball etc..
(7)交通线路的配置不安全。
( 7 ) the traffic line is not configured security.
(8)贮存方法不安全，堆放过高、不稳。
( 8 ) the storage method is not safe, piling up too high, instability.
2．操纵者的不安全行为
Unsafe behavior of 2 manipulators
这些不安全行为可能是有意的或无意的。
These are not safety may be intentional or unintentional.
(l)操纵错误、忽视安全、忽视警告包括未经许可开动、关停、移动机器；开动、关停机器时未给信号；开关未锁紧，造成意外转动；忘记封闭设备；忽视警告标志、警告信号，操纵错误(如按错按钮、阀门、搬手、痛处的操纵方向相反)；供料或送料速度过快，机械超速运转；冲压机作业时手伸进冲模；违章驾驶机动车；工件刀具紧固不牢．，用压缩空气吹铁屑等。
( L ) handling error, neglect of safety, ignoring warnings including unauthorized use, shutting down, moving machine; start, shut off the machine not to signal; switch is not locked, causing aidental rotation; fet closing devices; ignored the warning signs, warning signs, handling error ( such as press the wrong button, valve, move the steering hand, sore opposite ); feed or feed speed, mechanical overdrive; in die hand operation of stamping machine; illegal driving motor vehicles; cutter and workpiece fastening and not in prison., with pressed air blowing scraps.
(2)使用不安全设备。临时使用不牢固的设施如工作梯，使用无安全装置的设备，临时拉线不符合安全要求等。
( 2) do not use safety equipment. The temporary use of unstable facilities such as a ladder, the use of equipment without safety device, temporary cable does not meet safety requirements.
(3)机械运转时加油、修理、检查、调整、焊接或清扫。
( 3 ) when the machine runs, repair, inspection, adjustment of gas, welding or cleaning.
(4)造成安全装置失效。拆除了安全装置，安全装置失往作用。
( 4 ) caused by the failure of safety equipment. The dismantling of the safety devices, safety devices lose effect.
调整错误造成安全装置失效。
Adjust the error caused the failure of safety equipment.
(5)用手代替工具操纵。用手代替手动工具，用手清理切屑。不用夹具固定，用手拿工件进行机械加工等。
( 5 ) the hand instead of tools for manipulating. The hand instead of hand tools, cutting cleaning by hand. Do not clamp is fixed, with the hand of the workpiece machining.
(6)攀、坐危险位置(如平台护栏、吊车吊钩等)。
( 6 ) to climb, sit a dangerous position (such as platform guardrail, the crane hook .).
(7)物体(成品、半成品、材料、工具、切屑和生产用品等)存放不当。
( 7 ) objects ( products, semi-finished products, materials, tools, cutting and production supplies ) stored improperly.
(8)穿不安全装束如在有旋转零部件的设备旁作业时穿着过于肥大、宽松的服装、操纵带有旋转零部件的设备时戴手套，穿高跟鞋、凉鞋或拖鞋进进车间等。
(8 ) do not wear safety clothing such as equipment with rotating parts adjacent to work wearing too hypertrophy, loose clothing, control equipment with rotating parts to wear gloves, wear high-heeled shoes, sandals or slippers into the workshop.
(9)必须使用个人防护用品，用具的作业或场合中，忽视其使用，如未戴各种个人防护用品。
( 9 ) must use personal protective equipment, equipment operation or oasion, ignoring its use, such as not wearing various personal protective articles.
(10)无意或为排除故障而靠近危险部位，如在无防护罩的两个相对运动零部件之间清理卡住物时，可能造成挤伤、夹断、切断、压碎或人的肢体被卷进而造成严重的伤害。
( 10 ) aidentally or for troubleshooting and close to the dangerous parts, such as between no hood two relative motion parts cleaning stuck objects, may cause the squeeze, pinch off, cut, crushed or human body are involved in serious injury.
二、间接原因
Two, indirect cause
几乎所有事故的间接原因都与人的错误有关，尽管与事故直接有关的操纵职员并没有出错。这些间接原因可能是由于设计职员、设备制造、安装调试、维护保养等人所犯的错误。间接原因包括：
Indirect cause of almost all of the aident and human error, although with the aident directly related to the operator and no error. The indirect reason may be due to the design staff, equipment manufacturing, installation and missioning, maintenance and others mistakes mitted. The indirect causes include:
1．技术和设计上的缺陷
1 defects in technology and design.
产业构件、建筑物(如室内照明、透风)、机械设备、仪器仪表、工艺过程、操纵方法、维修检验等的设计和材料使用等方面存在的题目。
Industry, building ponents (such as indoor lighting, ventilation ), existing in mechanical equipment, instrumentation, process control, inspection and repair method, the design and materials used.
(l)设计错误包括强度计算不准，材料选用不当，设备外观不安全，结构设计不公道，操纵机构不当，未设计安全装置等。即使设计职员选用的操纵器是正确的，假如在控制板上配置的位置不当，也可能使操纵职员混淆而发生操纵错误，或不适当地增加了操纵职员的反应时间而忙中出错。