英语论文格式要求
详细内容
一、文献引用(统一按APA格式规范夹注)
(一)引用基本常识
1、如引用到某作者的话语或观点,需在句中或括号内注明该作者姓氏(lastname)。
2、直接引用的,需在直接引用话语部分加双引号(quotationmarks),并注明页码。
3、在所引用的话语后加括号(parentheses)需在其后加句号(period)。
4、中文作者在正文中夹注要求用作者姓氏汉语拼音,按英文APA规范夹注。
(二)具体规范和示例
1、间接引用
A.引用单一作者的著作的(Singleauthor),可有以下几种引用方式:
In1989,Jensenparedformalinterviewstocarefullyconstructedquestionnaires.OR
Jensen(1989)paredformalinterviewstocarefullyconstructedquestionnaires.OR
Jensenparedformalinterviewstocarefullyconstructedquestionnaires(1989).OR
Jensenstated,“Formalinterviewsproducedoptimalresultsinseveralsituations”(1989,p.23).
Smith(2019)surveyedthisphenomenon.
Afamoussurveyofthisphenomenon(Smith,2019)showedthat....
In2019,Smithdemonstratedthat..
B.引用两位共同作者著作的(CitingWorksbyTwoAuthors),如用括号则需在两作者之间加表示“and”的符号“(&)”;如无括号则用and.”,如:
Aordingtothestudy,25%ofpeopleprefercatsoverdogs(Smith&Brown,2019).OR
SmithandBrown(2019)surveyedthisphenomenon.
In1992,LeonardandTrentarguedthatinterviewshaveproducedreliableinformation.OR
LeonardandTrent(1992)arguedthatinterviewshaveproducedreliableinformation.OR
TheArawakshadbeenlivingontheislandforseveralthousandyears(Leonard&Trent,1992).
C.引用文献为三到五位作者的(CitingWorksbyThree,Four,orFiveAuthors.),第一次引用的需注明所有作者,接下来再引用的则只需注明第一位作者的姓(surname)并加“etal.”表示,注意加句号(withaperiod),如:
•Arecentsurvey(Smith,Brown,&Black,2019)showed....[firstreference]
•Smithetal.(2019)showed[secondreference]
•Bourneetal.(1994)foundthatthiskindofactivity“paresfavorablytothenationallevelofoutdoorrecreation”(p.83).
D.文献来源为不同时期多位作者的,按主要作者姓氏字母顺序列出,并用分号“;”(semicolons)分开,如:
Thesedataareconsistentwithotherstudiesconcerningthistopic
(Greenfield,1990;Patterson,1997;Smith&Jones,1992).
Severalstudies(Balda,1980;Kamil,1988;Pepperberg&Funk,1990)
E.引用团体作者(corporateauthor)的作品,括号夹注中应使用团体的名称,如:
Retiredofficersretainaesstoalloftheuniversity'seducationalandrecreationalfacilities(ColumbiaUniversity,1987,p.54).
F.引用文献源自采访、邮件、电话等观点或文字的(Personalmunication:interviews,letters,e-mails,phoneconversations,etc.)属不可追溯检索信息,不必在参考文献中列出,如:
TrentPresto(personalinterview,November5,2019)foundtheworkrewarding.OR
V.G.Nguyen(E-mail,September25,2019)confirmedthesestatisticsstatingagainthatthemarginoferrorwaslessthan1percent.
G.文中引用出现同一姓氏的(CitingWorksbyAuthorsWhoHavetheSameSurname
),应在姓氏前加注其名首字母用以区分,如:
R.D.Luce(1959)andP.A.Luce(1986)alsofound
J.M.GoldbergandNeff(1961)andM.E.GoldbergandWurtz(1972)studied.
如为同一姓氏中文作者,APA格式为:(W.Y.Wang,2019),(L.F.Wang,2019,p.213)
H.引用无作者文献(CitingWorkswithNoAuthor),如果文献标题没有出现在正文里,则括号夹注中应使用该标题或者(如果标题过长的话)使用该标题中的关键词组(选择标题开始部分的词组),如:
•“SurveyofAsianMen(2019)....
•…arecentstudy(HispanicandFemale,2019)....
I.引用同一作者同一年不同文献的(CitingMultipleWorksWrittenintheSameYearbytheSameAuthor),则需在年份后加(a,b,c)(同参考文献)。对应的ReferenceList:
Jensen,D.(2019a).Aworktobeadmired.NewYork,NY:SmithPublishing.
Jensen,D.(2019b).Yetmoreworkstobeadmired.NewYork,NY:SmithPublishing.
J.无出版日期文献(CitingWorkswithNoDateofPublication),用“(n.d.)”表示,如:
Brown’sstudy(n.d)showedthatkittensarevisuallypleasing…
K.无页码文献(CitingWorkswithoutPageNumbers),如引用内容来自电子资源的,引用源自某“部分”(..section)或“段落”(para.)序号加以注明,如:
•(Smith,2019,para.5)
•(Brown,2019,Introductionsection,para.1)
L.引用来自电子网络资源的(Electronicsource),需注明整个网址:
KidspsychisawonderfulinteractiveWebsiteforchildren(://kidspsych.).
M.引用翻译文献
间接引用格式为:(AuthorSurname,YearOriginallyPublished/YearofTranslation),如:
(Laplace,1814/1951)
直接引用格式为:(AuthorSurname,YearOriginallyPublished/YearofTranslation,pagenumber),如:
(Laplace,1814/1951,p.148)
注:对应的在参考文献中References其格式为:
AuthorSurname,FirstInitial.SecondInitial.(Year).Booktitle:Subtitle(Translator
FirstInitial.SecondInitial.Surname,Trans.).PlaceofPublication:Publisher.
(OriginalworkpublishedYear).
References:
Laplace,P.S.(1951).Aphilosophicalessayonprobabilities(F.W.Truscott&
F.L.Emory,Trans.).NewYork,NY:Dover.(Originalworkpublished1814).
N.引用文学作品和经典文献
(1)在引用剧本时应标出引文的幕、场、行,如:
Inhisfamousadvicetoplayers,Shakespeare’sHamletdefinesthepurposeoftheater,“whoseend,bothatthefirstandnow,wasandis,tohold,as‘twere,themirroruptonature”(3.2.21-23).也可用III.ii.23,分别表示第三幕第二场第23行.
这里的括号夹注表示引文来自剧本第三幕第二场的21至23行。(注意标点的使用。)
WhenHomer’sOdysseusestothehallofCirce,hefindshismen“mild/inhersoftspell,fedonherdrugofevil”(10.209-11).
这里的括号夹注表示引文来自诗歌第10节的209至211行。对不分节的诗第一次引用时应说明括号里标的是行数,使用“line”,以后的引用则不需再说明。例如:
第一次引用:(lines5-8);以后的引用:(12-13)
例子里的括号夹注表示引文来自该书第二册第十章的第117页。(注意标点和缩略语的使用。)
(3)引用小说
在引用有章节、分册的小说的时候,应标出引文所在的页码、册数、章节,如:
OneofKingsolver’snarrators,teenagerRachel,pusheshervocabularybeyonditslimits.Forexample,RachelplainsthatbeingforcedtoliveintheCongowithhermissionaryfamilyis“asheertapestryofjustice”becauseherchancesoffindingaboyfriendare“dullandvoid”(117;bk.2,ch.10).
如果论文是有关小说评论,因一般都需从同一小说中反复引用,为方便起见,在第一次引用后用圆括弧注明页码,在加一个尾注,用上标标出。尾注说明格式如下例。以后每次从该小说引用后,只注明页码即可,毋需再加尾注。
例:Insixmonths’time,hewastrampedintomarriagewithher,though“hehadnorespectforher.”(p.40)1
尾注格式(NOTES):
1.Allthequotationsfromthenovelaretakenfrom:ThomasHardy.JudetheObscure.Oxford:OUP.1991
在引用《圣经》、《可兰经》等经典文献的时候,应标出引文的篇、章、节,如:
ConsiderthewordsofSolomon:“Ifyourenemiesarehungry,givethemfoodtoeat.Iftheyarethirsty,givethemwatertodrink”(Bible,Prov.25.21).
例子里的括号夹注表示引文来自旧约《圣经》的《箴言》篇第25章第21节。《圣经》各篇的缩写有标准的写法,因而使用时应该注意核对。
O.引用中文作者文献
在用英文撰写论文的过程中,如果要引用中文文献,不能写作者的全名(如HuZhuanglin,1994),也不能直接用中文(如胡壮麟,1994或胡,1994),应为按英文论文的引文格式引用。一般的学术期刊都会提供期刊名称及文献题目的英文翻译,作者不要自己随便翻译。比如:
Forexample,textstudiesinthe1960sandearly1970sweremoreorlessconcernedwith“textgrammar”andtextual“grammaticality”(Hu,1994,pp.5-6).
Thesescholarschosetostudycoherenceasasocialphenomenon,ratherthanamentalphenomenon(Zhu&Yan,2019).
P.转引,即非直接从原著作中引用,而是转引自他人曾引用的内容,应使用“ascitedin…”注明.如:
SeidenbergandMlelland’sstudy(ascitedinColtheart,Curtis,Atkins,&Haller,1993)providedaglimpseintotheworld
注:在参考文献部分,仅将转引的文献信息列出,不需将原作者及文献信息列出。
Coltheart,M.,Curtis,B.,Atkins,P.,&Haller,M.(1993).Modelsofreadingaloud:Dual-routeanparallel-distributedprocessingapproaches.PsychologicalReview,100,589-608.
R.引用文献图表,需在图表下用Figure/Table(Number)标识,并附Note说明,如:
(1)文内夹注(在图表下方加Note.说明
Note.FromEvaluatingtheeffectivenessofbestmanagementpracticesusingdynamicmodeling.byD,.AckermanandE.D.Stein,2019,JournalofEnvironmentalEngineering,134(8),p.629.(引自期刊)
Note.From[orthedataincolumn#arefrom]Thermophysicalpropertiesoffluidsp.113,byM.J.Assael,1998,London:ImperialCollegePress.(引自书籍著作)
Note.From[orthedataincolumn#arefrom]InternationalMerchandiseImports,Australia,Jan2019,AustralianBureauofSatatistics.(来自网络)
(2)参考文献(与上对应)
Ackerman,D.,&Stein,E.D.(2019).Evaluatingtheeffectivenessofbestmanagementpracticesusingdynamicmodeling.JournalofEnvironmentalEngineering,134(8),629-639.(来自期刊)
Assael,M.(1998).Thermophysicalpropertiesoffluids.London:ImperialCollegePress.(来自书籍)
AustralianBureauofStatistics.(2019).InternationalMerchandiseImportsAustralia,January2019(No.5439.0),RetrievedFebruary18,2019from@.nsf/mf/5439.0?OpenDocument
注:如为自己绘制图表,一般应用“Table#+Abriefbutclearexplanatorytitle.”(此处为斜体)表示;或Figure#.+Descriptivecaptionforfigure.
(二)直接引用
1、直接引用文献部分内容少于40个单词(Quoteslessthan40words),如:
Rossett(1995)statesthatneedsassessmentisconducted“whentheinstructionaltechnologististryingtorespondtoarequestforassistance”(p.184).
Interviewsandobservationsarefrequentlyusedneedsassessmenttools.Especially,observationsare“averyusefultoolforfindingoutwhatisreallyhappeningatwork”(Rossett,1995,p.191).
Programmedinstruction,initiallydevelopedbySydneyPresseyandpopulatedbyB.F.Skinner,“presentsnewinstructionalcontenttolearnersinacontrolledsequence”(Chyung,2019,pp.24-25).
Distinctdifferencesareseenbetweendatagatheredformaleandfemalesubjectsinthefirststudy(Beech&Moen,1994,Figure2).
Tofacilitatetheshiftfromteacher-centeredtostudent-centeredlearning,writtenmaterialsthataompanydistancecoursesshouldincludeconceptmapsandadvanceanizers,asdemonstratedbytheKawakamimethod(Kawakami,1996,Chapter5).
注:直接引用的必须加注页码,除非文献来自电子网络资源。加括号表明所引用部分为文中非作者个人话语或观点,应在引号之外。另外,括号内“(作者,年份,页码)”各单项之间需加逗号“,”(mas)。最后,注意“p.”是用来表示引用来自某一页,而“pp.”表示引用某页码范围内的多页。但如果涉及到图表章节等时,所用词figure,chapter,tableandequation需在文内夹注中写出。
2.直接引用文献内容为40个单词以上的,使用blockquoteformat,需另起一行,并左右悬挂缩进五个空格,注意句号应置于括号前,不必加引号。如:
Rossett(1995)pointsouttheimportanceofexaminingrecordsandoutes:
Theexaminationofextantdataisawonderfulneedsassessmenttoolbecauseitisinexpensive.Thistooltakestheinstructionaltechnologistacrosstheanizationinsearchofthenaturaloutesofeffectiveandineffectiveperformance.Itinvolvesaskingcolleaguesforthedatathatautomaticallyflowfromtheirwork.Theonlychallengeistoconvincecolleaguesthattheyoughttoreleasethatinformationtoyou.
(p.192)
二、文后参考文献格式规范(REFERENCES,英文在前,中文在后)
(一)英文文献格式要求
1、基本要求
A.参考文献中英文作者的姓与名。注意应使用姓氏在前,随后为名字的首字母而非全名,如:YES